Which of the following is included in the Atmosphere?

The atmosphere is composed of layers of gases that surround the Earth, each with distinct characteristics and functions. The troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere are three crucial layers of the atmosphere.

The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth's surface, where most weather phenomena, including clouds and precipitation, occur. Above it, the stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters ultraviolet solar radiation. The mesosphere is above the stratosphere and is where temperatures decrease with altitude, playing a vital role in atmospheric dynamics.

These layers are critical in understanding climate, weather patterns, and atmospheric science. The other options focus on different aspects; for instance, the core, mantle, and crust pertain to Earth's internal structure, while oceans, ice, and clouds represent components of the hydrosphere, and biological communities together with physical and chemical factors pertain to ecosystems and environmental science rather than directly to atmospheric composition.