Which international agreement is associated with binding emissions reductions through three mechanisms?

The Kyoto Protocol is recognized as the international agreement that established legally binding commitments for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It created three primary mechanisms to facilitate these reductions:

1. Emissions Trading: This allows countries with emission reduction obligations to buy and sell allowances as a cost-effective way to achieve their targets.

2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): This provides a pathway for developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries, earning credits that can be used to meet their own targets.

3. Joint Implementation (JI): This allows countries to implement projects in other developed countries to earn credits towards their own emissions reduction goals.

These mechanisms are designed to promote flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and collaboration in achieving the overall objectives of reducing global emissions. In contrast, the Paris Agreement sets out a broader framework for climate action that encourages countries to set their own targets without binding commitments. The Copenhagen Accord and Montreal Protocol address different environmental issues and do not focus on binding emissions reductions in the same way as the Kyoto Protocol.