What planning approach begins with envisioning the desired future state?

The approach that begins with envisioning the desired future state is backcasting. This strategic planning method starts by defining a specific goal or future outcome that is deemed desirable and sustainable. It then works backwards to identify the steps and actions necessary to reach that future state, taking into account current conditions and long-term trends.

In practical terms, backcasting is particularly useful in sustainability initiatives because it allows organizations to set ambitious targets based on a vision of success rather than simply projecting what might happen if current trends continue. This results in a more proactive and goal-oriented strategy, making it an effective tool for planning in sustainability contexts where having a clear vision is crucial.

The other options, while relevant to planning, do not start from the envisioning of a future state. Cost-benefit analysis typically evaluates the financial impacts of different alternatives, baseline analysis assesses current conditions without necessarily envisioning future states, and forecasting predicts future conditions based on current trends without necessarily working back from a desired future outcome. Therefore, backcasting stands out as the approach that specifically aligns with the process of beginning with a desired future vision.