What does photovoltaic technology primarily convert?

Photovoltaic technology primarily converts light into electricity, which is the fundamental principle behind solar panels. When sunlight, composed of photons, strikes the surface of a photovoltaic cell, it excites electrons within the semiconductor material of the cell. This excitation causes electrons to flow, creating an electric current, which can then be harnessed as electricity.

This process is central to the function of solar energy systems, as it allows for the direct conversion of sunlight into usable electrical energy. Photovoltaic technology plays a vital role in renewable energy strategies aimed at reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impacts.

The other options represent different types of energy transformation processes that do not pertain to how photovoltaic cells operate. Heat conversion typically involves thermal energy systems, chemical energy conversion relates to batteries or combustion processes, and the conversion of electricity into sound energy is seen in devices such as speakers or audio equipment.