In the context of protocols, what must be done for them to become legally binding?

For protocols to become legally binding, it is essential that they undergo a formal process of signing and ratification by the parties involved in the agreement. This process typically involves initialling or signing the document to indicate agreement, followed by a subsequent ratification phase where the respective governments or organizations confirm their commitment to the terms laid out in the protocol. Ratification often requires approval from national legislatures or other governing bodies, depending on the legal frameworks and constitutional requirements of the signatory parties.

The process ensures that all parties are not only in agreement with the protocol but have also taken the necessary steps to incorporate the obligations outlined in the protocol into their national laws or policies. Once officially ratified, the protocol becomes a binding legal instrument, obligating the parties to adhere to its terms.

Other options may touch on aspects related to protocols but do not specifically address the legal requirements for binding agreements. Public agreement lacks the formal legal recognition necessary to create binding obligations. A vote in the legislature may be a part of the ratification process, but it does not alone establish binding status without the preceding signature and formal ratification of the agreement. Implementation by member states, while critical for the practical application of the protocol, occurs after the binding legal status is achieved through signing and